An interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. This association may be based only imitation, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment. Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences. The context can vary from family or kinship relations, friendship, marriage, relations with associates, work, clubs, neighborhoods, and places of worship. They may be regulated by law, custom, or mutual agreement, and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole.
A relationship is normally viewed as a connection between two individuals, such as a romantic or intimate relationship, or a parent–child relationship. Individuals can also have relationships with groups of people, such as the relation between a pastor and his congregation, an uncle and a family, or a mayor and a town.
These intimate relationships are, only a small subset of interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationships can also include friendships, such as relationships involving individuals providing relational care to marginalized persons. These relationships usually involve some level of interdependence. People in a relationship tend to influence each other, share their thoughts and feelings, and engage in activities together. Because of this interdependence, most things that change or impact one member of the relationship will have some level of impact on the other member.
Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence. Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan, and an end. They tend to grow and improve gradually, as people get to know each other and become closer emotionally, or they gradually deteriorate as people drift apart, move on with their lives and form new relationships with others. One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist George Levinger. This model was formulated to describe heterosexual, adult romantic relationships, but it has been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well.
According to the model, the natural development of a relationship follows five stages:
1.Acquaintance
Becoming acquainted depends on previous relationships, physical proximity, first impressions, and a variety of other factors. If two people begin to like each other, continued interactions may lead to the next stage, but acquaintance can continue indefinitely.
2. Buildup
During this stage, people begin to trust and care about each other. The need for intimacy, compatibility and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction continues.
3. Continuation
This stage follows a mutual commitment to a long-term friendship, romantic relationship, or marriage. It is generally a long, relative stable period. Nevertheless, continued growth and development will occur during this time. Mutual trust is important for sustaining the relationship.
4. Deterioration
Not all relationships deteriorate, but those that do tend to show signs of trouble. Boredom, resentment, and dissatisfaction may occur, and individuals may communicate less and avoid self-disclosure. Loss of trust and betrayals may take place as the downward spiral continues, eventually ending the relationship. (Alternately, the participants may find some way to resolve the problems and reestablish trust.)
5. Termination
The final stage marks the end of the relationship, either by death in the case of a healthy relationship, or by separation.
Friendships may involve some degree of transitivity. In other words, a person may become a friend of an existing friend's friend. However, if two people have a sexual relationship with the same person, they may become competitors rather than friends.
Accordingly, sexual behavior with the sexual partner of a friend may damage the friendship (see love triangle). Sexual activities between two friends tend to alter that relationship, either by "taking it to the next level" or by severing it. Sexual partners may also be classified as friends and the sexual relationship may either enhance or depreciate the friendship. Legal sanction reinforces and regularizes marriages and civil unions as perceived "respectable" building-blocks of society. In the United States of America, for example, the de-criminalization of homosexual sexual relations in the Supreme Court decision, Lawrence v. Texas (2003) facilitated the mainstreaming of gay long-term relationships, and broached the possibility of the legalization of same-sex marriages in that country.
1. Flourishing relationships
Positive psychologists use the term "flourishing relationships" to describe interpersonal relationships that are not merely happy, but instead characterized by intimacy, growth, and resilience. Flourishing relationships also allow a dynamic balance between focus on the intimate relationships and focus on other social relationships
2. Adult attachment
Healthy relationships are built on a foundation of secure attachments. Adult attachment models represent an internal set of expectations and preferences regarding relationship intimacy that guide behavior. Secure adult attachment, characterized by low attachment-related avoidance and anxiety, has numerous benefits. Within the context of safe, secure attachments, people can pursue optimal human functioning and flourishing
3. Love
The capacity for love gives depth to human relationships, brings people closer to each other physically and emotionally, and makes people think expansively about themselves and the world.
In his triangular theory of love, psychologist Robert Sternberg theorizes that love is a mix of three components:
(1) passion, or physical attraction;
(2) intimacy, or feelings of closeness; and
(3) commitment, involving the decision to initiate and sustain a relationship
The presence of all three components characterizes consummate love, the most durable type of love. In addition, the presence of intimacy and passion in marital relationships predicts marital satisfaction. Also, commitment is the best predictor of relationship satisfaction, especially in long-term relationships. Positive consequences of being in love include increased self-esteem and self-efficacy
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A. AMERICA
Circles of Friendship
Circles of friendship are therefore much more than friendship. It is a natural human urge to seek company, to talk to people, share personal experiences - the joys and sorrows of evryday life, the jokes, and in short, whatever interests us. Friendship, however, is not free from its context in social life, and it helps to know why we have the friends that we do. Example: best friend and good friend (work friend, sports friend,etc)
Instant friendship
Instant friendship is relationship between two persons but in brief time or particular moment.
The characteristic of instant frienship is the appearance of two becoming close, but in reality there is no strong bont between them.
In general, Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. True friendship require time and commitment (The state of being bound emotionally or intellectually to a course of action or to another person or persons) which many Americans lack. Therefore they often find it convenient to have friendly but less committed relationships, rather than many deep, close friendships. Their shortage of time and their numerous commitments to family, work, and even volunteer projects mean Americans have less time to pursue many close friends.
Male and female relationship
In the United States, men and women socialize relatively freely and develop a variety of relationships. Single and married people of the opposite sex may be close friends and share personal problems without being romantically involved. College students and others may even live with someone of the opposite sex for practical reasons only. In many parts of the States (although not all), there are few restrictions on the types of relationships people can have. Marriage relationships, of course differ from couple to couple, but there are some generalities that can be made.
Some married men and women consider themselves to be best friends as well as spouses. This concept is unusual in some cultures.
Mobility and friendship
Americans are geographically mobile, and many learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. Approximately one out of every five American families moves every year. People relocate because they change jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children, or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a consequence, people sometimes form and end friendships quickly. Relationships based on a common activity may fade or end when the activity ends. These friendships are not deep but are based upon shared daily experiences. Many Americans, in general, do have enduring friendships, but at certain points in their lives can be satisfied with transient relationships.
Intercultural relationship
Expectations for personal relationships differ greatly across cultures. It's important to know that while most Americans value close friendships, they also value privacy and independence. From an American perspective, to have privacy or to give someone privacy is considered positive. Yet, when the word "privacy“ is translated into other languages, it has more of a negative meaning (aloneness or loneliness). Therefore, the American’s need for privacy is sometimes judged negatively by those who haven't been reared with the value of individualism. In addition, an American may feel that a friend needs privacy to “work out" a problem. Many Americans want time alone when they have problems, so they want to give you your privacy even if you don’t want it!.
In addition to different expectations about the amount of time spent together, there are also cultural differences in what people believe they should do for each other.
B. JAPAN
Japan has an aging population due to the post-war baby boom. Almost a quarter of the Japanese are over the age of sixty-five. This trend to a greying population will continue as Japan has an extremely low birth rate. Every year the population declines, this year by 123,000. This means that a very large segment of their society is or will be retired with an ever shrinking group of young people suppot them.
Instant friendship
Instant friendship in Japan is not to different with America. But in Japan, the instant friendship can be a best friend. It suitable with east culture which is teach about friendly.
Mobility and friendship
It’s different with America. Japanese don’t like to move their residence. They can live in their residence along their life. Many learn to develop friendships easily and quickly. Only some people relocate because they change jobs, attend distant colleges, get married, have children, or simply want a change in their lives, but only in minority.
Relationship in Japan is not only in a few time. If they meet somebody, they will build their relatios. In the end, they can be the best friend.
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